Introduction to Capital Adequacy Norms
Along amongst profitability in addition to safety, banks too plough over importance to Solvency. Solvency refers to the province of affairs where assets are equal to or to a greater extent than than liabilities. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 banking concern should select its assets inwards such a way that the shareholders in addition to depositors' involvement are protected.
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1. Prudential Norms
The norms which are to hold upward followed piece investing funds are called "Prudential Norms." They are formulated to protect the interests of the shareholders in addition to depositors. Prudential Norms are mostly prescribed in addition to implemented past times the key banking concern of the country. Commercial Banks receive got to follow these norms to protect the interests of the customers.
For international banks, prudential norms were prescribed past times the Bank for International Settlements popularly known equally BIS. The BIS appointed a Basle Committee on Banking Supervision inwards 1988.
2. Basel Committee
Basel commission appointed past times BIS formulated rules in addition to regulation for effective supervision of the key banks. For this it, too prescribed international norms to hold upward followed past times the key banks. This commission prescribed Capital Adequacy Norms inwards gild to protect the interests of the customers.
3. definition of Capital Adequacy Ratio
Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is defined equally the ratio of bank's upper-case alphabetic lineament to its risk assets. Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is too known equally Capital to Risk (Weighted) Assets Ratio (CRAR).
India in addition to Capital Adequacy Norms
The Government of Republic of Republic of India (GOI) appointed the Narasimham Committee inwards 1991 to advise reforms inwards the fiscal sector. In the yr 1992-93 the Narasimhan Committee submitted its showtime study in addition to recommended that all the banks are required to receive got a minimum upper-case alphabetic lineament of 8% to the risk weighted assets of the banks. The ratio is known equally Capital to Risk Assets Ratio (CRAR). All the 27 Public Sector Banks inwards Republic of Republic of India (except UCO in addition to Indian Bank) had achieved the Capital Adequacy Norm of 8% past times March 1997.
The Second Report of Narasimham Committee was submitted inwards the yr 1998-99. It recommended that the CRAR to hold upward raised to 10% inwards a phased manner. It recommended an intermediate minimum target of 9% to hold upward achieved past times the yr 2000 in addition to 10% past times 2002.
Concepts of Capital Adequacy Norms
Capital Adequacy Norms included unlike Concepts, explained equally follows :-
1. Tier-I Capital
Capital which is showtime readily available to protect the unexpected losses is called equally Tier-I Capital. It is too termed equally Core Capital.
Tier-I Capital consists of :-
- Paid-Up Capital.
- Statutory Reserves.
- Other Disclosed Free Reserves : Reserves which are non kept side for coming together whatever specific liability.
- Capital Reserves : Surplus generated from sale of Capital Assets.
2. Tier-II Capital
Capital which is minute readily available to protect the unexpected losses is called equally Tier-II Capital.
Tier-II Capital consists of :-
- Undisclosed Reserves in addition to Paid-Up Capital Perpetual Preference Shares.
- Revaluation Reserves (at discount of 55%).
- Hybrid (Debt / Equity) Capital.
- Subordinated Debt.
- General Provisions in addition to Loss Reserves.
There is an of import status that Tier II Capital cannot move on 50% of Tier-I Capital for arriving at the prescribed Capital Adequacy Ratio.
3. Risk Weighted Assets
Capital Adequacy Ratio is calculated based on the assets of the bank. The values of bank's assets are non taken according to the majority value only according to the risk ingredient involved. The value of each property is assigned amongst a risk ingredient inwards percent terms.
Suppose CRAR at 10% on Rs. 150 crores is to hold upward maintained. This way the banking concern is expected to receive got a minimum upper-case alphabetic lineament of Rs. xv crores which consists of Tier I in addition to Tier II Capital items bailiwick to a status that Tier II value does non move on 50% of Tier I Capital. Suppose the amount value of items nether Tier I Capital is Rs. five crores in addition to amount value of items nether Tier II upper-case alphabetic lineament is Rs. 10 crores, the banking concern volition non receive got requisite CRAR of Rs. xv Crores. This is because a maximum of alone Rs. 2.5 Crores nether Tier II volition hold upward eligible for computation.
4. Subordinated Debt
These are bonds issued past times banks for raising Tier II Capital.
They are equally follows :-
- They should hold upward fully paid upward instruments.
- They should hold upward unsecured debt.
- They should hold upward subordinated to the claims of other creditors. This way that the bank's holder's claims for their coin volition hold upward paid at final inwards gild of preference equally compared amongst the claims of other creditors of the bank.
- The bonds should non hold upward redeemable at the pick of the holders. This way the repayment of bond value volition hold upward decided alone past times the issuing bank.
