Difference Betwixt Psyche Too Secondary Information Inward Xvi Points

Difference betwixt primary together with secondary data

The departure betwixt primary together with secondary information is equally follows.

Image credits © Gaurav Akrani.

Following points distinguish primary together with secondary data:

1. Meaning, example, together with definition,
2. Data's originality,
3. Need of adjustment,
4. Data sources,
5. Type of data,
6. Methods used to collect data,
7. Obtained data's reliability,
8. The fourth dimension consumed,
9. Need of investigator,
10. Cost effectiveness,
11. When are the information collected?
12. Capability to solve a problem,
13. Suitability to run across the requirement,
14. Bias or personal prejudice,
15. Who collects the data? And
16. Precaution earlier using the data.

Now let's compare primary together with secondary information on the to a higher house 16 points.

1. Meaning, example, together with definition

Primary information are fresh (new) information collected for the outset fourth dimension past times a researcher himself for a especial purpose. It is a unique, first-hand together with qualitative information non published before. It is collected systematically from its house or source of root past times the researcher himself or his appointed agents. It is obtained initially equally a resultant of research efforts taken past times a researcher (and his team) amongst simply about objective inwards mind. It helps to solve for sure problems concerned amongst whatsoever domain of pick or sphere of interest. Once it is used upwards for whatsoever required purpose, its master copy graphic symbol is lost, together with it turns into secondary data.

One must banker's complaint that, fifty-fifty if the information is originally collected past times somebody else from its source for his study, but never used together with then the collected information is called primary data. However, 1 time used it turns into secondary data.

Imagine, yous are visiting an unexplored cave to investigate together with subsequently recording its infinitesimal details to publish, is an instance of primary information collection.

Wessel's Definition of primary data,

“Data originally collected inwards the physical care for of investigation are known equally primary data.”

Secondary data, on the other hand, are information already collected past times others or somebody else together with subsequently used past times a researcher (or investigator) to reply their questions inwards hand. Hence, it is besides called second-hand data. It is a ready-made, quantitative information obtained generally from unlike published sources similar companies' reports, statistics published past times government, etc. Here the required information is extracted from already known plant of others (e.g. Published past times a land of study scholar or an organization, authorities agency, etc.). It is readily available to a researcher at his desk or house of work.

Assume, yous are preparing a brief written report on your country's population for which yous lead maintain reference of the census published past times government, is an instance of secondary information collection.

Sir Wessel, defined secondary information inwards unproblematic words as,

“Data collected past times other persons are called secondary data.”

Another Definition of secondary information inwards words of M. M. Blair,

“Secondary information are those which are already inwards existence together with collected for simply about other role than the answering of the enquiry inwards hand.”

2. Data's originality

Primary information are collected past times a researcher (or investigator) at the house or source of its origin. These are master copy or unique information.

A researcher (or investigator) does the collection of secondary information from already existing plant of others. These are neither originals nor unique information.

3. Need of adjustment

The primary information collection is done to attain simply about fixed objective, together with obtained amongst simply about focus inwards mind. Hence, it doesn't demand whatsoever prior adjustment earlier getting used to satisfy the role of an inquiry.

Secondary information collected are genuinely the run of someone else done for simply about other purposes. It is non focused to run across the objective of the researcher. As a result, it needs to hold upwards properly adjusted together with arranged earlier making its actual use. Only after proper adjustment, it tin hold upwards accustomed to simply about extend for achieving the aim of a researcher.

4. Data sources

Primary information are collected systematically through next activities:

1. By conducting surveys,
2. Taking in-depth interviews of respondents (These are individuals who give necessary information to the interviewer),
3. Through experimentation,
4. By direct observations,
5. Ethnographic research (It primarily involves the study of an ethnic grouping of people together with their respective culture),
6. Focus groups,
7. Participatory research, etc.

The collection of secondary information is from internal together with external published sources.

Internal sources of secondary information are:

1. Company's accounts,
2. Sales figures,
3. Reports together with records,
4. Promotional campaigns' data,
5. Customers' feedback,
6. Cost information,
7. Marketing activities, therefore on.

External sources of secondary information include:

1. Data published past times country's central, province together with local governments,
2. Data fifty-fifty published past times unusual governments,
3. Publications released past times international organizations (like the IMF, WHO, ILO, UNO, WWF, etc.) together with their subsidiary bodies,
4. Reports prepared past times diverse commissions together with other appointed committees,
5. Results of research run published past times research institutions, universities, land of study scholars, economists, etc.,
6. Books, newspapers, together with magazines,
7. Reports together with journals of merchandise unions, industries, together with delineate of piece of work concern associations,
8. Information released past times a fundamental bank, stock exchanges, etc.,
9. Public libraries,
10. Archives, Directories, Databases, together with Indexes,
11. Old historical records,
12. Online websites, blogs, together with forums.

Note: Sometimes, though rarely, fifty-fifty unpublished information however available inwards share records tin besides hold upwards used for secondary data.

5. Type of data

Primary information furnish qualitative data. It agency it gives information on subjective quality-related features similar look, feel, taste, lightness, heaviness, etc., of whatsoever object or phenomenon nether research or inquiry.

On the contrary, secondary data, furnish quantitative data. In other words, it gives information near an object or lawsuit inwards a numerical, statistical together with tabulated shape similar inwards percentages, lists, tables, etc.

6. Methods used to collect data

Methods used to collect primary information are equally follows:

1. Observation, experimentation together with interview method,
2. The direct personal investigation,
3. The indirect oral-investigation,
4. Information collected through schedules together with questionnaires (sets of questions) via enumerator's (a survey personnel involved inwards counting together with listing) method together with mailing method,
5. Information obtained from correspondents or local sources,
6. Some other shaver methods:
   1. The analysis of the content,
   2. Consumer panels,
   3. Use of mechanical devices,
   4. Pantry audits,
   5. Distributor or shop audits,
   6. Projective Techniques (PT),
   7. Warranty cards, etc.

The primary methods used to collect secondary information are:

1. Desk research methods,
2. Search on the Internet,
3. Going through media generated past times consumers together with their groups, therefore on.

7. Obtained data's reliability

Primary information are to a greater extent than reliable than secondary data. It is because primary information are collected past times doing master copy research together with non through secondary sources that may land of study to simply about errors or discrepancies together with may fifty-fifty incorporate out-dated information.

Secondary information are less reliable than primary data. It is so, since, based on research run done past times others together with non past times the researcher himself. Here, verification of published information cannot hold upwards e'er confirmed accurately equally all references used may non hold upwards available or mentioned inwards detail.

8. The fourth dimension consumed

Reliability of primary information comes at the expense of fourth dimension it consumes. It is because its collection goes through the next steps:

1. First, the researcher makes a sample (i.e. List of respondents to approach).
2. Then he prepares a questionnaire (i.e. Containing a laid of questions to hold upwards asked to respondents).
3. Later, he appoints together with trains a squad of land interviewers who are supposed to interview the respondents.
4. Finally, the researcher has to analyze the collected information past times interviewers together with pull a conclusion from it.

Accomplishment of the to a higher house physical care for is non a quick task, is a time-consuming one.

On the contrary, collection of secondary information consumes less fourth dimension compared to primary data. It is because secondary information collection is generally made without interviews equally follows:

1. Here, a researcher relies heavily on ready-made information together with collects it from internal together with external published sources (see the cry for no.4).
2. He depends on already analyzed together with concluded information past times someone else to larn an agreement of his land of study topic or research interest.
3. He doesn't waste matter fourth dimension appointing land interviewers together with waiting for their data.

He saves his precious run hours, and, equally a result, it takes him less fourth dimension to collect secondary data.

9. Need of investigator

Collection of primary information needs availability of trained researchers or investigators. Further, they besides demand to hold upwards adequately supervised together with controlled.

If the availability of trained investigators together with damage involved inwards hiring them is a problem, together with then inwards such a case, secondary methods of information collection are recommended. Its information collection doesn't demand to hire them.

10. Cost effectiveness

Primary information collection needs the appointment of a squad that mainly comprises of researchers, land interviewers, information analysts, therefore on. Hiring of these experts together with other additional costs, demands to a greater extent than funds to hold upwards allocated to consummate research run on time. For this reason, it is a costly affair.

The secondary information collection doesn't require the appointment of such a team. Here, since no experts hired, damage is minimized. As a result, it is rattling economical.

11. When are the information collected?

Collection of primary information starts when secondary information seems insufficient to solve problems associated amongst the research. The researcher outset uses secondary data, if he finds that collected information from secondary sources, is inadequate, exclusively together with then decides to collect primary data.

The secondary information collection is the priority together with economical pick for most researchers to solve an identified work or reply objects of inquiry. Here, most information extraction is done together with if simply about information is unavailable exclusively together with then a determination to bear primary research is taken.

12. Capability to solve a problem

Primary information are fresh (new), master copy (unique), to a greater extent than accurate (almost correct), verified (confirmed), satisfies a requirement (as needed), up-to-date together with electrical current (latest). It gives the required information. For this reason, it is to a greater extent than capable of solving a problem.

Secondary data, on the other hand, may hold upwards less accurate or riddled amongst errors or discrepancies, non straight related (inconsistent) together with fifty-fifty outdated (not latest). It gives exclusively supporting together with non the required information. As a result, it is less capable of solving a problem.

13. Suitability to run across the requirement

Primary information are suitable to run across the objects of enquiry because these are collected using systematic methods.

Collection of secondary information may or may non fulfill the actual requirement of a researcher.

14. Bias or personal prejudice

There is a possibility of personal prejudice or bias creeping inwards patch collecting primary information because of the direct involvement of an investigator.

The possibility of prejudice is absent inwards secondary information because the information is non collected at outset manus and, for this reason, is non subjected to whatsoever bias.

15. Who collects the data?

A researcher (an investigator) or his appointed agents collect the primary data.

Anyone, other than those who get together primary information collects secondary data.

16. Precaution earlier using the data

The primary information collection is done systematically past times a researcher himself or his agents equally instructed amongst bang-up care, requirement, planning, scheme together with followed past times verification of the obtained information. It is less probable that such a well-processed information is land of study to errors.

For this reason, no extra precautions are necessary patch using primary data.

On the other hand, secondary data, since collected past times others for unlike purposes may hold upwards inconsistent (not equally required), outdated, unverified, subjected to whatsoever errors or mistakes, etc. As a result, immense attention must hold upwards taken patch 1 is considering using it. If used without precaution, it may lead maintain an adverse impact on the character of one's research together with impact its credibility to a bang-up extent.

Conclusion

We tin conclude that whatsoever information stay data, whether termed equally a primary or secondary. What classifies it from 1 simply about other is the score of detachment from its source together with how it is existence collected (whether equally first-hand or second-hand) together with used.

Any information move primary if it is outset gathered past times collecting agency, together with the same information becomes secondary if it is used subsequently past times the residue of the world.

For example, information collected past times an election commission are primary for it, together with the same laid of information is secondary for all except it.

Thus, Secrist lucidly describes this equally follows,

“The distinction betwixt primary together with secondary information is 1 of the degrees. Data primary inwards the hands of 1 political party may hold upwards secondary inwards the hands of others.”

References (10)

References used together with suggested reading for deeper understanding:

1. Research Methodology: Methods together with Techniques; past times C. R. Kothari.
2. Research Methodology: Data Presentation; past times MD Y. K. Singh.
3. Research Methodology: past times MD C. Rajendar Kumar.
4. Research Methodology together with Statistical Analysis (for M. Com); past times S.C. Aggarwal together with S.K. Khurana.
5. Statistics for Economics together with Indian economical development; For Class 11; past times T. R. Jain together with V. K. Ohri.
6. Statistics for Economics; Class 11; past times MD D. P. Jain.
7. International Business; 4^th Edition; past times Les Dlabay, James Scott.
8. Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation; 5^th Edition; By Naresh K. Malhotra together with Satya Bhushan Dash.
9. Marketing Research: Methodological Foundations; 10^th Edition; past times Gilbert A. Churchill, Jr together with Dawn Iacobucci.
10. Office Organization together with Management; 2^nd Edition; past times S. P. Arora.